En tropisk syklon som forekommer i det vestlige Stillehavet eller Indiske hav. Endring (påvirket av kinesiske vilkår for tyfoner, kanskje kantonesisk toi 2 fung 1. tyfon og slektninger) av tidligere engelsk tuffon, tufan. deluge. fra hindi og urdu tx16bfx101n. storm av vind og regn, flom. fra arabisk x1e6dx16bfx101n. deluge. fra gresk tuphx14dn. Typhon, virvelvind. 1. (Fysisk geografi) En voldsom tropisk storm eller syklon, spesielt i Kinas hav og W Stillehavet 2. (Fysisk geografi) En voldsom storm i India C16: Fra kinesisk tai fung stor vind, fra den store soppvinden påvirket av gresk tuphn virvelvind ty8226phoon 1. En tropisk syklon eller orkan i W Stillehavet og Kinas hav. 2. En voldsom storm eller storm i India. 169082111700 lt dial. Kinesisk (Guangdong) daaih-fng (lik kinesisk df275ng stor vind), endret ved forening med gresk t563phn voldelig vind En orkan som forekommer i Vest-Stillehavet. Se notat ved syklon. en syklon eller orkan i det vestlige Stillehavet. En intens syklon i Kinashavet hvor den spirende vindhastigheten når over 100 kilometer (160km) i timen. Tesaurus Antonyms Relaterte ord Synonymer Legend: En voldsom havstrøm som forekommer i øst. De ble fanget i en tyfon i Kinas hav. tifoon tufo furao tajfun der Taifun tyfon tifn taifuun taifuuni typhon tajfun, orkan tjfun topan fellibylur tifone taifnas taifns taufan tyfoon virvelstorm. tyfon tajfun tufao taifun tajfn tajfun tajfun tyfon tayfun. iddetli kasrga bo til Link til denne siden: Referanser i klassisk litteratur Jeg ser den våpnede våpenvegen, nå ser jeg at fremvoksende vert som jeg så det da, ser jeg hat i de grusomme øynene jeg husker hvordan jeg droppet hodet mitt på brystet mitt , Jeg føler meg igjen det plutselige jordskjelvssjokket på baksiden, administrert av selve rammen, og jeg ble ofret meg for å redde. Jeg hører igjen tyfonen av latter som briste fra angrepskolonnen mens jeg klatrer det fra van til å ligge som et Sepoy-skudd fra en Rodman pistol. Glad det er en tyfon fra sør, for den vil bære oss fremover. Hun trakk frem for å heve en tyfon fra kokkhuset, og nesten på skyggen hennes rullet i Babu, ropte på skuldrene som en romersk keiser, jowled som Titus, med hodet, med nye patentskinnsko, i høyeste tilstand av fett, utstrålende glede og hilsener. Likevel var han en mann som hadde møtt ubehagelig orkan og tyfon. og ville ikke ha nølt med å bekjempe et dusin ubevæpnede niggers med ingenting, men en revolver for å hjelpe ham. De var fredelige fiskere, de forklarte, hvis prahus hadde blitt ødelagt i den nylige tyfonen. Det var ryktet om at de dro til Sørsjøen - var tapt på en handelsskonner i en tyfon. eller noe sånt. Den glade tåken var min skonnert navn, og jeg trodde hun var tøft bygget til hun slo den tyfonen. En vild, vandrende et sted utenfor grensen til horisonten, kunne ha trodd at noe nytt krater danner i barm i Florida, selv om det ikke var noen utbrudd eller tyfon. heller ikke storm eller elementskamp, eller noen av de forferdelige fenomenene som naturen er i stand til å produsere. Gales vi møtte igjen og igjen, for det var en rå og stormfull region, og i midten av juni var en tyfon mest minneverdig for meg og viktigst på grunn av endringene gjennomført på min fremtid. Jeg kan våge å hevde det samme av alle aspekter av historien, mens jeg bekjenner at den spesielle tyfonen av fortellingen ikke var en tyfon av min faktiske erfaring. Langt krydret og værfarget i tyfoner og beroligende av alle fire havene, ble hennes gamle skyggehud mørkt som en fransk grenadier, som også har kjempet i Egypt og Sibir. La eierne stå på Nantucket Beach og Outyell Typhoons. Tamarack Aerospace mottar Supplerende Type-sertifikat for Active Winglet-systemet Tamarack Aerospace Group har mottatt Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) for det amerikanske Wingate-systemet for Cessna CJ-virksomheten. jetfly. Før dette oppnådde selskapet valideringen av den europeiske luftfartssikkerhetsadministrasjonen (EASA) STC 23. desember 2015. Tamarack vil nå installere sine Active Winglets på Cessna CJ, CJ1, CJ1 amp M2-jetflyene i USA og Europa. ldquo Betydningen av FAA-godkjenningen kan ikke understated. quot Kunder vil få 25 drivstoffbesparelser for CJ amp CJ1 og 13 for CJ1 amp M2-jetene. Tamarack Aerospace Group CEO Nick Guida sa: ldquo Betydningen av FAA-godkjenningen kan ikke understates. ldquoVi har en lang liste over bestillinger, og våre kunder jobber aktivt med vår partner, Cessna, på planlegging av installasjoner. Med STC bak oss, forventer vi et betydelig antall nye ordrer fra kunder som har ventet på sertifisering. rdquo Tamarackrsquos Active Winglet-system består av en vingspiss forlengelse, en innstilt vinge og belastnings lindringsteknologi. Teknologien virker ved å motvirke og lette vindlast og manøvrestrøm uten vevstrukturforsterkning. Med kombinasjonen av Winglet og Wing Tip Extension, vil Wingrsquos aspektforhold øke, noe som resulterer i ytelsesforbedringer og drivstoffbesparelser. Tretthetslengdeforlengelse og brutto vektøkning er også mulig med Tamarackrsquos Active Winglet-teknologi, som er skalerbar og kan installeres på alle typer fly. Bilde: Det aktive Winglet-systemet i Tamarackrsquos består av en vingespissutvidelse, en innstilt vinge og belastningsbelastningsteknologi. Photo: courtesy of Tamarack Aerospace Group. Har du noen gang lurt på hva en baghouse er eller hva NMOG står for. Kaldstryking er ikke en ny måte å få rynker ut av en skjorte, eller at en SIP ikke er en smak smakstest. Du er ikke alene. ARB har oppdatert sin ordliste over luftforurensningsvilkår og lister over akronymer som hjelper. Husk at vi ikke prøver å lage en uttømmende liste, og vi gir heller ikke juridisk terminologi. Denne ordlisten er rett og slett en ressurs for allmennheten. En California State Law (Health and Safety Code Section 39650 et seq.) Som ble effektiv i januar 1984 og etablert rammen for California's giftige luftforurensnings identifikasjons - og kontrollprogram. For mer informasjon, se vår toksikk sammendrag. Assembly Bill 998 etablerte det ikke-toksiske støvsugningsincitamentsprogrammet for å gi renseprosessoren 10.000 tilskuddsmidler for å bytte fra systemer som bruker perkloretylen (Perc), en identifisert giftig luftforurensning og potensielt humant karsinogen, til giftfri og ikke-smog danner alternativer. Lovgivningen krever også at ARB skal etablere et demonstrasjonsprogram for å demonstrere disse ikke-toksiske og ikke-smogdannende teknologier. Et California-program (Helse - og sikkerhetskode § 44300 og følgende) som krever visse stasjonære kilder for å rapportere typen og mengden av spesifikke toksiske stoffer de rutinemessig slippes ut i luften. Programmet identifiserer høy prioritet og krever anlegg som utgjør betydelige farer for å varsle alle eksponerte personer. For mer informasjon, besøk vår AB 2588 nettside. Et program som tillater luftdistrikter og lokale myndigheter å allokere registreringsavgift for kjøretøyer til prosjekter som reduserer utslipp av motorvogner som null-utslippskøretøjer. sykkelbaner og turreduseringsprogrammer. Lovgiveren passerte og guvernør Schwarzenegger signerte AB 32, som satte mål for reduksjon av klimagassutslippene for 2020 i lov. Det ledet ARB til å utvikle diskrete, tidlige tiltak for å redusere klimagasser, samtidig som det ble utarbeidet en plan for planlegging for å identifisere hvordan best å nå 2020-grensen for klimagassutslipp. Reduksjon eller eliminering av forurensning. Godkjent daglig inntak (ADI) Den høyeste daglige mengden av et stoff som kan konsumeres over en levetid uten uønskede effekter. Et omfattende uttrykk for de forskjellige måtene sure forbindelser utfeller fra atmosfæren og legges på overflater. Det kan inkludere: 1) våt avsetning ved hjelp av surt regn, tåke og snø og 2) tørr avsetning av sure partikler (aerosoler). Regn som er spesielt sur (pH er mindre enn 5,2). Hovedkomponenter av surt regn inneholder vanligvis salpetersyre og svovelsyre. Disse kan dannes ved kombinasjon av nitrogen og svoveloksider med vanndamp i atmosfæren. ARB bruker mange akronymer, og vi håper denne listen over akronymer lister vil være til hjelp for brukere av denne nettsiden. Akutt eksponering En eller en serie kortsiktige eksponeringer som vanligvis varer mindre enn 24 timer. En helseeffekt som oppstår over en relativt kort periode (for eksempel minutter eller timer). Begrepet brukes til å beskrive korte eksponeringer og effekter som opptrer straks etter eksponering. Tilkoblingsstyringsenhet En luftforurensningskontrollenhet som for eksempel karbonabsorbent eller forbrenningsovn som reduserer forurensningen i avgassen. Kontrollenheten påvirker vanligvis ikke prosessen som styres og er dermed tilleggsteknologi, i motsetning til et system for å kontrollere forurensning gjennom å endre den grunnleggende prosessen selv. Se også forurensningsforebygging. En utslippskontrollanordning som fjerner VOC fra en gasstrøm som et resultat av gassfestingen (adsorbering) på en fast matrise, slik som aktivert karbon. Advanced Vehicle Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (AT PZEV) Et kjøretøy som oppfyller standarden for Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (PZEV) og inkluderer nullutslipps-kjøretøy som muliggjør teknologier. En helseeffekt ved eksponering for luftforurensninger som kan variere fra relativt milde midlertidige forhold, for eksempel øye - eller halsirritasjon, kortpustethet eller hodepine, til permanente og alvorlige forhold som fosterskader, kreft eller lungeskade, nerver, lever, hjerte eller andre organer. Partikler av fast eller flytende materiale som kan forbli suspendert i luft fra noen få minutter til mange måneder, avhengig av partikkelstørrelse og vekt. AFIP (Alternativt drivstoffincitamentsprogram) I henhold til Assembly Bill 1811, ARB med California Energy Commission, utviklet en felles plan for å bruke 25 millioner med det formål å stimulere biodrivstoff og høyeffektiv, lavemitterende kjøretøyteknologi. Midlene var for å utvikle konkrete tiltak for å redusere luftforurensning og klimagassutslipp fra brensel og mobile kilder. AB 1811 krevde at midlene skulle være beslaglagt 30. juni 2007 og utgitt 30. juni 2009. Avplantning Plantering av nye skoger på land hvor den foregående vegetasjonen eller landet ikke inneholdt skoger. Etterbrenning En luftforurensningsreduksjonsanordning som fjerner uønskede organiske gasser gjennom forbrenning. Agricultural Burning Den forsettlig bruk av brann for vegetasjonsforvaltning i områder som landbruksfelt, frukthage, skogsland og skog. Forordningen er beskrevet i Agricultural Burning Guidelines, Tittel 17, California Code of Regulations. For mer informasjon, se vårt nettsted for røykestyringsprogram. Såkalt ren luft er en blanding av gasser som inneholder omtrent 78 prosent nitrogen 21 prosent oksygen mindre enn 1 prosent karbondioksid. argon og andre gasser og varierende mengder vanndamp. Se også omgivende luft. Et landområde med generelt like meteorologiske og geografiske forhold gjennom. I det omfang det er mulig, defineres luftbassenggrensene langs politiske grenser og inkluderer både kilden og reseptorområdene. California er for tiden delt inn i 15 luftbasseng. Luftbehandlet toksisk kontrollmåte (ATCM) En kontrolltiltak vedtatt av ARB (Helse - og sikkerhetsloven § 39666 og følgende), som reduserer utslipp av giftige luftforurensninger. For mer informasjon, se vår ATCM nettside. En politisk instans som er ansvarlig for å håndtere luftkvalitet på regionalt eller fylkeskommunalt grunnlag. California er foreløpig delt inn i 35 luftdistrikter. (Se også luftforurensningskontrolldistrikt og luftkvalitetsstyringsdistrikt). For mer informasjon, se vår lokale luftkvarterskatalog. Luftovervåking Prøvetaking og måling av forurensende stoffer i atmosfæren. Mengder av fremmedlegemer og naturlige stoffer som forekommer i atmosfæren, som kan gi uønskede effekter på mennesker, dyr, vegetasjon og materialer. (Se også luftforurensning.) Nedbrytning av luftkvalitet som følge av uønskede kjemikalier eller andre materialer som forekommer i luften. (Se også luftforurensninger.) Et fylkeskommune med myndighet til å regulere stasjonære, indirekte og områdeskilder til luftforurensning (f. eks. Kraftverk, motorveiskonstruksjon og boligutvikling) innenfor et gitt fylke og styres av et kontrollorgan for distriktsluftforurensning bestående av valgte fylkesveiledere. (Se også luftkvalitetsstyringsdistrikt eller luftforurensningskontrolldistrikt). Luftkvalitetsindeks (AQI) En numerisk indeks som brukes til å rapportere alvorlighetsgraden av luftforurensningsnivåer til publikum. Den erstatter det tidligere brukte forurensningsstandardindekset (PSI). I likhet med PSI inneholder AQI fem kriterieforurensende stoffer - ozon, partikkelformet materiale, karbonmonoksid, svoveldioksid og nitrogenoksid - til en enkelt indeks. Den nye indeksen inneholder også 8-timers ozonstandarden og 24-timers PM2.5-standarden i indeksberegningen. AQI nivåer varierer fra 0 (god luftkvalitet) til 500 (farlig luftkvalitet). Jo høyere indeksen er, jo høyere nivået av forurensende stoffer og jo større er sannsynligheten for helseeffekter. AQI inneholder en ekstra indekskategori - usunn for sensitive grupper - som varierer fra 101 til 150. I tillegg kommer AQI med mer detaljerte forsiktighetsregler. For mer informasjon, se vår side for luftkvalitetsindekser. En gruppe fylker eller deler av fylkene, eller et enkelt fylke som er spesifisert i lov med myndighet til å regulere stasjonære, indirekte og områdeskilder til luftforurensning i regionen og styres av et regionalt luftforurensningsstyringsorgan bestående hovedsakelig av valgte embetsmenn fra regionen . (Se også luftforurensningskontrolldistrikt). For mer informasjon, vennligst se vår lokale luftkvarterskatalog. En plan utarbeidet av en APCDAQMD, for et fylke eller en region som er utpekt som et ikke-oppnådd område. med det formål å bringe området i samsvar med kravene i de nasjonale ogorlige California-luftkvalitetsstandardene. AQMP er innlemmet i Statens gjennomføringsplan (SIP). En person ansatt av den lokale, statlige eller føderale regjeringen for å styre luftkvaliteten. Et matematisk forhold mellom utslipp og luftkvalitet som simulerer på en datamaskin transport, spredning og transformasjon av forbindelser som sendes ut i luften. For mer informasjon, se vår nettside for programvare. Luftkvalitetsstandard (AQS) Det foreskrevne nivået av et forurensende stoff i uteluften som ikke bør overskrides i en bestemt tidsperiode for å beskytte folkehelsen. Etablert av både føderale og statslige myndigheter. (Se også omgivende luftkvalitetsstandarder.) For mer informasjon, se våre omgivende luftkvalitetsstandarder. Arbeidsgrupper for luftkvalitet (AQWG) Rådgivende grupper som gir fora for kommunikasjon, samarbeid og koordinering i utvikling og gjennomføring av luftkvalitetsstyringsforanstaltninger. De kan bestå av representanter fra ARB, borgergrupper, miljøgrupper, industri, lokale luftdistrikter og US EPA. En delmengde av flybasseng. begrepet betegner et geografisk område som deler samme luft på grunn av topografi, meteorologi og klima. Air Toxics En generisk betegnelse som refererer til en skadelig kjemikalie eller gruppe av kjemikalier i luften. Stoffer som er spesielt helsefarlige, som de som er vurdert under US EPAs farlige luftforurensende program eller Californias AB 1807 andor AB 2588 air toxics-programmer, regnes som luftgiftstoffer. Teknisk sett er enhver forbindelse som er i luften og har potensial til å forårsake uønskede helseeffekter, en luft giftig. For mer informasjon, besøk vår toxics hjemmeside. Tillatelser En fullmakt til å gi opp til ett tonn karbondioksid ekvivalent i et bestemt år. Brensel som metanol, etanol, naturgass og flytende petroleumsgass som er renere brennende og bidrar til å møte ARBs mobile og stasjonære utslippsstandarder. Disse drivstoffene kan brukes i stedet for mindre rent drivstoff for å drive motorvogner. For mer informasjon, besøk vår alternative brensels hjemmeside. Luften skjer ved en bestemt tid og plasseres utenfor strukturer. Ofte brukt utveksling med uteluft. (Se også luft.) Helse - og velferdsbaserte standarder for uteluft som identifiserer maksimalt akseptable gjennomsnittlige konsentrasjoner av luftforurensende stoffer i en bestemt tidsperiode. (Se også CAAQS og NAAQS og Criteria Air Pollutant.) For mer informasjon, besøk vår miljøkvalitetsnormer nettsted. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) En ideell organisasjon som gir et forum for produsenter, forbrukere og representanter for myndigheter og industri for å skrive laboratorieteststandarder for materialer, produkter, systemer og tjenester. ASTM publiserer standard testmetoder, spesifikasjoner, praksis, guider, klassifikasjoner og terminologi. For mer informasjon, besøk vår ASTM nettside. Ammoniak (NH3) En skarp fargeløs gassformig sammensetning av nitrogen og hydrogen som er meget løselig i vann og kan lett kondenseres til en væske ved kulde og trykk. Ammoniak reagerer med NOx for å danne ammoniumnitrat - en stor PM2.5-komponent i det vestlige USA. Anaerob fordøyelse En biokjemisk prosess hvor bakterier bryter ned biologisk nedbrytbart organisk materiale, som for eksempel gjødsel, i et oksygenfritt miljø. Temperatur, fuktighet, næringsinnhold og pH, kan styres ved bruk av et lufttett kammer (kokeren). Nedbrytningen av det organiske materialet resulterer i biogas, en blanding av metan (CH4), karbondioksid (CO 2) og spor av andre gasser. De kilder som en metode brukes til å estimere utslipp. Dette kan omfatte hele området, mobil og naturlig kilder og også grupper av stasjonære kilder (som renserier og bensinstasjoner). California Clean Air Act krever at luftdistrikter skal inkludere områdekilder i utviklingen og implementeringen av AQMP. I California-utslippsfortegnelsen er alle kilder som ikke rapporteres som individuelle punktkilder, inkludert som kilder til områdene. Det føderale flygtiltaksprogrammet definerer en kilde som utsender mindre enn 10 tonn per år av en enkelt farlig luftforurensende (HAP) eller 25 tonn per år av alle HAP som en arealkilde. For mer informasjon, besøk vår nettsted-brede kildemetodikk nettsted. Forurensningskilder der utslippene spres over et vidt område, for eksempel forbrukerprodukter, peiser, veidøv og oppdrettsvirksomhet. Omfattende kilder inkluderer ikke mobile kilder eller stasjonære kilder. En type hydrokarbon. slik som benzen eller toluen. Noen aromater er giftige. En mineralfiber som kan forurense luft eller vann og forårsake kreft eller asbestose ved innånding. US EPA har forbudt eller alvorlig begrenset bruken av den i produksjon og konstruksjon, og ARB har pålagt grenser for mengden asbest i serpentinrock som brukes til overflateapplikasjoner. For mer informasjon, besøk vår hjemmeside. En kronisk inflammatorisk lidelse i lungene preget av hvesing, pustehet, bryststramhet og hoste. Den gassformige masse eller konvolutt av luft som omgir jorden. Fra bakkenivå opp, er atmosfæren videre oppdelt i troposfæren. stratosfæren, mesosfæren og termosfæren. Et geografisk område identifisert å ha luftkvalitet så godt som, eller bedre enn, de nasjonale ogorlige California luftkvalitetsnormer (NAAQS CAAQS). Et område kan være et opplæringsområde for ett forurensende og et ikke-opplæringsområde for andre. For mer informasjon, besøk vårt nettstedbetegnelses nettsted. Myndighet til å bygge (AC) En pre-byggetillatelse utstedt av et luftdistrikt. En luftforurensningskontrollanordning som fanger partikler ved å tvinge gasstrømmer gjennom store permeable poser som vanligvis er laget av glassfiber. For mer informasjon, besøk vår bagasjerom. En bestemmelse i luftdistriktet tillater forskrifter som tillater et anlegg å samle kreditter for å redusere utslippene utover regulatoriske grenser (utslippsreduksjonskreditter) og deretter bruke eller selge disse kreditter på et senere tidspunkt. Hvis du vil ha mer informasjon, kan du besøke vår nettside for ny kilde gjennomgang. Batteri Elektrisk kjøretøy (BEV) Et kjøretøy som kjører på strøm som er lagret i batterier og har en elektrisk motor i stedet for en forbrenningsmotor. Disse kjøretøyene oppfyller også kravene i nullutslippsforskriften. Best Available Control Measure (BACM) En term som brukes til å beskrive de beste tiltakene (i henhold til amerikansk EPA-veiledning) for å kontrollere små eller spredte kilder til partikler og andre utslipp fra kilder som veibeskyttelse, vedovn og åpen brenning. De mest moderne metodene, systemene, teknikkene og produksjonsprosessene er tilgjengelige for å oppnå de største mulige utslippsreduksjonene for gitt regulerte luftforurensninger og prosesser. BACT er et krav til NSR (New Source Review) og PSD (Forebygging av betydelig forverring). For mer informasjon, besøk vår BACT-nettside. Best Available Retrofit Control Technology (BARCT) En luftutslippsbegrensning som gjelder eksisterende kilder og er basert på maksimal reduksjonsgrad som kan oppnås, med hensyn til miljø, energi og økonomiske konsekvenser av hver klasse eller kildekilde. (Se også Best Available Control Technology.) For mer informasjon, besøk vår BARCT-nettside. Biogen kilde Biologiske kilder som planter og dyr som avgir luftforurensende stoffer som flyktige organiske forbindelser. Eksempler på biogene kilder er dyreforvaltningsoperasjoner og eik og furuskog. (Se også naturlige kilder.) For mer informasjon, besøk vår Ecosystems Impact nettsted. Bulk Plant En mellomliggende bensin distribusjonsanlegg hvor levering av bensin til og fra anlegget er utelukkende av lastebil. Et byrå i California Department of Consumer Affairs som styrer gjennomføringen av inspeksjons - og vedlikeholdsprogrammet til kjøretøy. For mer informasjon, besøk vår Smog Check-nettsiden. En dag som ikke er offisielt bestemt av meteorologer og luftkvalitetsledere til å være en brennende dag. Brennedager varierer med flybasseng på en gitt dag. For mer informasjon, besøk vår nettside for røykehåndteringsprogram. California Air Pollution Officers Association (CAPCOA) En ideell forening av luftforurensningstilsynet fra alle 35 luftkvalitetskontorer i hele California. CAPCOA ble dannet i 1975 for å fremme ren luft og å gi et forum for deling av kunnskap, erfaring og informasjon blant luftkvalitetsmyndighetene rundt staten. CAPCOA er en organisasjon av fagfolk i luftkvalitet - ledere på sitt felt - som fremmer enhet og effektivitet, og forsøker å oppmuntre til konsistens i metoder og praksis for luftforurensningskontroll. For mer informasjon, besøk vår CAPCOAs nettside. Statene fører luftkvalitet byrå bestående av en 11-medlems styre utnevnt av guvernøren, og litt over tusen ansatte. ARB er ansvarlig for oppnåelse og vedlikehold av statlige og føderale luftkvalitetsstandarder. California klimaforandringsprogrammer, og er fullt ansvarlig for forurensningskontroll av motorvogner. Det overvåker fylke og regionale luftforurensningsstyringsprogrammer. En lovlig grense som angir maksimalnivå og tidspunkt for eksponering i uteluften for et gitt luftforurensende stoff og som er beskyttende for menneskers helse og velferd. CAAQS er anbefalt av OEHHA og vedtatt i forskrift av ARB. CAAQS er standardene som må oppfylles etter kravene i California Clean Air Act (CCAA). For mer informasjon, besøk vår AAQS nettside. En California lov gikk i 1988 som gir grunnlag for luftkvalitet planlegging og regulering uavhengig av føderale forskrifter. Et viktig element i loven er kravet om at lokale luftdistrikter i strid med CAAQS skal utarbeide oppgraderingsplaner som identifiserer luftkvalitetsproblemer, årsaker, trender og tiltak som skal iverksettes for å oppnå og opprettholde Californias luftkvalitetsstandarder så tidlig som mulig. California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) Et statlig myndighetsorgan etablert i 1991 for å samle miljøaktiviteter knyttet til folkehelsevesenet i delstaten California. Det er fem styre, avdelinger og kontorer under organisasjonen av CalEPA, inkludert California Air Resources Board (ARB). Statlig vannressursstyring (SWRCB) og dets ni regionale vannkvalitetskontrollstyrelser (RWQCB), Institutt for bekjempelsesmiddelforskrift (DPR), Institutt for giftig stoffkontroll (DTSC) og Kontor for Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). CalEPAs styre, avdelinger og kontorer er direkte ansvarlige for å implementere California miljølovgivning, eller spille en samarbeidsrolle med andre regulatoriske organer på regionalt, lokalt, statlig og føderalt nivå. For en fullstendig liste over CalEPA-organisasjoner, se CalEPAs hjemmeside. En California lov som utarbeider en prosess for offentlige etater å ta informerte beslutninger om skjønnsmessige prosjektgodkjenninger. Prosessen hjelper beslutningstakere å avgjøre om miljøpåvirkninger er knyttet til et foreslått prosjekt. Det krever miljøpåvirkning knyttet til et foreslått prosjekt som skal elimineres eller reduseres, og at luftkvalitetsreduserende tiltak gjennomføres. California Hydrogen Highway Network (CaH 2 Net) Et initiativ for å legge til hydrogenbrenselinfrastruktur i California for å møte kravene til hydrogenkjøretøy som er utplassert i staten. P For mer informasjon, besøk nettstedet for California Hydrogen Highway Network. California Phase 2 Reformulated Bensin (CaRFG Phase 2 eller CaRFG2) Bensin solgt, beregnet til salg, eller gjort tilgjengelig for salg som drivstoff i California, underlagt California Phase 2-reformulerte bensinstandarder. Lær mer på brenselets hjemmeside. California Phase 3 Reformulated Bensin (CaRFG Phase 3 eller CaRFG3) Bensin solgt, beregnet til salg, eller gjort tilgjengelig for salg som drivstoff i California, underlagt California Phase 3-reformulerte bensinstandarder. Lær mer på brenselets hjemmeside. California Solar Initiative (CSI) Et California Public Utilities Commission-investert eid verktøyprogram initiert 1. januar 2007, for å gi incentiver for installasjon av distribusjonsprosjekter som distribueres av solenergi. En gruppe sykdommer karakterisert ved ukontrollert invasiv vekst av kroppsceller som fører til dannelse av ondartede svulster som har en tendens til å vokse raskt og spre seg (dvs. metastasere). En håndhevbar grense for totale utslipp for fasilitetene som omfattes av cap-and-trade-programmet. Hetten er satt for hver statens overholdelse av programmet, og utslippene reduseres ettersom kappen avtar over tid. Cap-and-trade er en regulatorisk tilnærming som brukes til å kontrollere forurensning ved å sette et fast utslipp på tillatte utslipp mens man bruker markedsmekanismer for å oppnå utslippsreduksjoner mens kjørekostnadene går ned. I et cap-and-trade-program settes en grense eller en kapp på mengden drivhusgasser som kan sendes ut. CARB bensin, California Reformulated Bensin (CaRFG) Bensin solgt, beregnet til salg, eller gjort tilgjengelig for salg som drivstoff i California, underlagt California-reformulerte bensinstandarder. Lær mer på brenselets hjemmeside. CARBOB (California-reformert bensinblanding for oksygenblanding) En petroleum-avledet væske som er ment å være et produkt som vil bli California-reformert bensin ved tilsetning av et oksygenat, så som etanol. Lær mer på brenselets hjemmeside. Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Prosessen med å fange CO2 fra en stasjonær kilde, etterfulgt av å komprimere, transportere og injisere den i en egnet geologisk formasjon hvor den vil bli sekvestrert. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) En fargeløs, luktfri gass som oppstår naturlig i jordens atmosfære. Vesentlige mengder sendes også ut i luften ved forbrenning av fossilt brensel. (Se også ClimateChange. ca. gov glans.) Karbondioksid ekvivalent (CO 2 E) Mengden karbondioksid som vil gi samme oppvarmingseffekt som en gitt vekst av en annen klimagass basert på den beste tilgjengelige vitenskapen, inkludert fra det mellomstatslige panelet om klimaendringer. En fargeløs, luktfri gass som følge av ufullstendig forbrenning av hydrokarbonbrensel. CO interfererer med blodets evne til å bære oksygen i kroppens vev og resulterer i en rekke negative helseeffekter. Over 80 prosent av CO som sendes ut i byområder, bidrar med motorvogner. CO er et luftforurensende kriterium. Prosessen med å fjerne karbondioksid (CO 2) fra atmosfæren ved å lagre den i et karbonreservoar annet enn atmosfæren. Sequestration forbedrer karbonlagring i trær og jord, bevarer eksisterende tre og jordkarbon og reduserer CO 2 - utslipp. metan (CH4) og nitrogenoksid (N20). Kreftfremkallende En kreftfremkallende substans. (Se også kreft.) Carl Moyer Fund Et program med flere millioner dollar tilskudd til å oppmuntre til reduksjon av utslipp fra kraftige motorer. Tilskuddene dekker ekstrakostnaden for renere teknologier for kjøretøyer på vei, terreng, marin, lokomotiv og landbruksmaskiner, samt gaffeltrucker og flybjelkeutstyr. Besøk vår Carl Moyer Program nettside. CAS-registreringsnummer Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS) er en numerisk betegnelse tildelt av Chemical Chemistry Chemical Chemical Service og unikt identifiserer en bestemt forbindelse. Denne oppføringen gjør det mulig å identifisere et materiale uavhengig av navnet eller navngivningssystemet som brukes. Et stoff som kan øke eller redusere frekvensen av en kjemisk reaksjon mellom de andre kjemiske artene uten å bli konsumert i prosessen. Katalytisk omformer En forurensningskontrollanordning for motorkjøretøyer designet for å redusere utslipp som nitrogenoksid. hydrokarboner og karbonmonoksid. Katalysatorer har krevd utstyr på alle nye motorkjøretøyer som er solgt i California siden 1979. Continuous Emission Monitor (CEM) CEM innebærer å fastslå at stasjonære kilder oppfyller sine utslippsbegrensninger på en kontinuerlig måte ved å installere et system for å operere kontinuerlig inne i røyken eller annen utslippskilde. CEM brukes også til prosesskontroll og overvåking av kontrollutstyrets operasjoner. Sertifisert, sertifisering Den formelle prosessen der produsenten av et kjøretøy, produkt eller prosess demonstrerer samsvar med alle gjeldende forskrifter og får tillatelse til å markedsføre, selge eller levere varen i California. Sertifisering i California er vanligvis indikert ved tildeling av en Executive Order (EO). Klorfluorkarboner (CFC) Enhver av et antall stoffer som består av klor, fluor og karbon. CFCer brukes til kjøling, skumemballasje, løsningsmidler og drivmidler. Kronisk eksponering Langsiktig eksponering, som vanligvis varer ett år til en levetid. Chronic Health Effect A health effect that occurs over a relatively long period of time (e. g. months or years). (See also acute health effect .) Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP) CVRP is intended to encourage and accelerate zero-emission vehicle deployment and technology innovation by providing grants to eligible vehicles. For more details see the ARB website. Gasoline fuel that results in reduced emissions of carbon monoxide. nitrogen oxides. reactive organic gases and particulate matter, in addition to toxic substances such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene. Visit our cleaner-burning gasoline website or an overview of ARBs fuels program . Climate Action Team (CAT) The Secretary of CalEPA leads the Climate Action Team made up of representatives from state agencies, boards and departments. The CAT members work to coordinate statewide efforts to implement global warming emission reduction programs and the states Climate Adaptation Strategy. The CAT is also responsible for reporting on the progress made toward meeting the statewide greenhouse gas targets that were established by Executive Order S-3-05 and further defined under AB 32 . Climate Change A layer of any substance such as paint, lacquer, or varnish applied over a surface for protection. For more information, visit our coatings website . Coefficient of Haze (COH) A measurement of the quantity of dust and smoke in the atmosphere in a theoretical 1,000 linear feet of air. A COH of less than three is considered clean air and more than five is of some concern. COH readings of 20 or more can occur in urban areas. Cold Ironing or Shore power refers to providing electrical power to a vessel that is docked. The purpose of shore power is to allow the vessel operator to turn off the vessels auxiliary engines, which would normally be providing the necessary electricity. Although there are emissions associated with the generation of electricity used for shore power, those emissions are much less than those from the auxiliary engines, which burn diesel fuel. An approach to generating power and thermal energy from a single fuel source. CHP application involves the recovery of otherwise wasted thermal energy to produce additional power or useful thermal energy. The act or instance of burning some type of fuel, such as gasoline, to produce energy. Combustion is typically the process that powers automobile engines and power plant generators. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Conformity A demonstration of whether a federally-supported activity is consistent with the State Implementation Plan (SIP) -- per Section 176 (c) of the Clean Air Act. Transportation conformity refers to plans, programs and projects approved or funded by the Federal Highway Administration or the Federal Transit Administration. General conformity refers to projects approved or funded by other federal agencies. Congestion Management Program A state-mandated program (California Government Code Section 65089a) that requires each county to prepare a plan to relieve congestion and reduce air pollution. Consumer Products Products such as hairspray, detergents, cleaning compounds, polishes, lawn and garden products, personal care products and automotive specialty products that are part of our everyday lives and, through consumer use, may produce volatile organic air emissions which contribute to air pollution. Visit our consumer products website. An air analyzer that measures air quality components continuously. (See also Integrated Sampling Device .) Control Techniques Guidelines (CTG) Guidance documents issued by U. S. EPA that define reasonably available control technology (RACT) to be applied to existing facilities that emit excessive quantities of air pollutants they contain information both on the economic and technological feasibility of available techniques. COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) COPD is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is generally progressive, but may be partially reversible. The more familiar terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema are included within the COPD diagnosis. COPD is strongly associated with tobacco smoking but can occur in non-smokers as well and is a serious, life-threatening lung disease. Cost-Effectiveness The cost of an emission control measure assessed in terms of dollars-per-pound, or dollars-per-ton, of air emissions reduced. An air pollutant for which acceptable levels of exposure can be determined and for which an ambient air quality standard has been set. Examples include: ozone. carbon monoxide. nitrogen dioxide. sulfur dioxide. PM10 and PM2.5. The term criteria air pollutants derives from the requirement that the U. S. EPA must describe the characteristics and potential health and welfare effects of these pollutants. The U. S. EPA and ARB periodically review new scientific data and may propose revisions to the standards as a result. View our health and air pollution website. An air pollution control device that removes larger particles -- generally greater than one micron -- from an air stream through centrifugal force. A measurement of visibility. One deciview represents the minimal perceptible change in visibility to the human eye. Equipment that removes grease, dirt, or unwanted materials from any part or product. Degreasers typically use aqueous or nonaqueous solvents, as liquid baths or condensing vapors, to remove such material. Deposit Control Additives Substances added to motor vehicle fuel to reduce and prevent deposits in the fuel delivery system and engine intake valves. Design Value The pollutant concentration used by air quality managers as the basis for determining attainment of an air quality standard. generally by using an air quality model. The design value may or may not be the same as the designation value. The pollutant concentration used by air quality managers for designating attainment status of an air district with respect to the state and federal ambient air quality standards. Generally, the designation value is the highest concentration that remains after excluding certain qualifying values. For a specific pollutant, the designation value for the state and federal standards may not be the same. Diesel Engine A type of internal combustion engine that uses low-volatility petroleum fuel and fuel injectors and initiates combustion using compression ignition (as opposed to spark ignition that is used with gasoline engines). Discrete Early Action Items AB 32 directed ARB to identify and adopt climate change regulations for discrete early actions that could be enforceable on or before January 1, 2010. ARB identified nine discrete early action measures including regulations affecting landfills, motor vehicle fuels, refrigerants in cars, tire pressure, port operations and other sources in 2007 that included ship electrification at ports and reduction of high GWP gases in consumer products. Dispersion Model The amount of a pollutant that is absorbed. A level of exposure which is a function of a pollutants concentration, the length of time a subject is exposed and the amount of the pollutant that is absorbed. The concentration of the pollutant and the length of time that the subject is exposed to that pollutant determine dose. Dose-Response The relationship between the dose of a pollutant and the response (or effect) it produces on a biological system. Solid particulate matter that can become airborne. A nominal blend of 85 volume percent denatured ethanol and 15 volume percent unleaded gasoline that is used in flexible fuel vehicles. EAAC (Economic and Allocation Advisory Committee) The CalEPA Secretary and ARB Chairman created an Economic and Allocation Advisory Committee to advise ARB on the design of a greenhouse gas cap-and-trade program. EAAC evaluated and provided recommendations on the implications of different allowance allocation strategies such as free allocation, auction, or a combination of both. EAAC also provided advice to ARB on its revised AB 32 economic analysis. EJAC (Environmental Justice Advisory Committee) AB 32 directed ARB to convene an Environmental Justice Advisory Committee to advise ARB on the implementation of AB 32. EJAC is comprised of representatives from communities in the state with the most significant exposure to air pollution, including, but not limited to, communities with minority populations or low-income populations. Electric Vehicle A motor vehicle that uses an electric motor as the basis of its operation. Such vehicles emit virtually no air pollutants. (See also hybrid electric vehicle .) For more information, please see our zero emission vehicles website. An air pollution control device that removes particulate matter from an air stream by imparting an electrical charge to the particles for mechanical collection at an electrode. For more information, visit our associated training class on this subject. Emission Factor For stationary sources. the relationship between the amount of pollution produced and the amount of raw material processed or burned. For mobile sources. the relationship between the amount of pollution produced and the number of vehicle miles traveled. By using the emission factor of a pollutant and specific data regarding quantities of materials used by a given source, it is possible to compute emissions for the source. This approach is used in preparing an emissions inventory. Visit U. S. EPA emission factors. or ARBs emission factors and toxic air contaminants. Emission Inventory An estimate of the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere from major mobile, stationary, area-wide and natural source categories over a specific period of time such as a day or a year. For more information, visit our emissions inventory website. Emission Offsets (also known as Emissions Trading) A rule-making concept whereby approval of a new or modified stationary source of air pollution is conditional on the reduction of emissions from other existing stationary sources of air pollution. These reductions are required in addition to reductions required by best available control technology. For information see our New Source Review Emission Reduction Credit Offsets website. Emission Permit A non-transferable or tradable allocation of entitlements by a government to an individual firm to emit a specified amount of a substance. Emission Rate The weight of a pollutant emitted per unit of time (e. g. tonsyear). Released or discharged air contaminants in the ambient air from any source. The maximum amount of a pollutant that is allowed to be discharged from a polluting source such as an automobile or smoke stack. Energy Content The amount of energy available for doing work. For example, the amount of energy in fuel available for powering a motor vehicle. Enhanced AT PZEV Emissions certification standard for motor vehicles vehicle meets the requirements of an AT PZEV and has some all electric range, such as a plug-in hybrid, or has an internal combustion engine (ICE) that runs on hydrogen. Environmental Justice (EJ) The fair treatment of people of all races and incomes with respect to development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies. A label that provides a Global Warming Score and Smog Score, both on a scale from 1 to 10 (10 being cleanest). The Environmental Performance Label is required on all new cars sold in California that are manufactured after January 1, 2009. Primarily a combination of sidestream smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar and exhaled mainstream smoke from the smoker. Other components include smoke emitted at the mouthpiece during puff drawing. For more information, visit our environmental tobacco smoke website. Epidemiology The study of the occurrence and distribution of disease within a population. ETAAC (Economic and Technology Advancement Advisory Committee) The committee was formed as directed by AB 32 to advise ARB on activities that will facilitate investment in and implementation of technological research and development opportunities including, but not limited to, identifying new technologies, research, demonstration projects, funding opportunities, developing state, national and international partnerships and technology transfer opportunities and, identifying and assessing research and advanced technology investment and incentive opportunities that will assist in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The committee may also advise the ARB on state, regional, national and international economic and technological developments related to greenhouse gas emission reductions. Ethanol (ETOH) Ethyl-alcohol, a volatile alcohol containing two carbon groups (CH 3 CH 2 OH). For fuel use, ethanol is produced by fermentation of corn or other plant products. The chemical ethylene oxide (1,2-epoxyethane) which has been identified by the ARB and listed as a toxic air contaminant in title 17, California Code of Regulations, section 93000. Evaporative Emissions Emissions from evaporating gasoline, which can occur during vehicle refueling, vehicle operation and even when the vehicle is parked. Evaporative emissions can account for two-thirds of the hydrocarbon emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles on hot summer days. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) An emission control method that involves recirculating exhaust gases from an engine back into the intake and combustion chambers. This lowers combustion temperatures and reduces NOx. (See also nitrogen oxides .) The legal document that indicates that a product subject to ARB regulations has in fact meet those requirements and can be offered for sale in California. The Executive Order, or EO, also lists important compliance information such as the legal description of the product and manufacturer, the actual standards met, when the executive order was granted and any conditions of the certification. Exceedance A measured level of an air pollutant higher than the national or state ambient air quality standards. (See also NAAQS and CAAQS .) Expected Peak Day Concentration (EPDC) A calculated value that represents the concentration expected to occur at a particular site once per year, on average. The calculation procedure uses measured data collected at the site during a three-year period. Measured concentrations that are higher than the EPDC are excluded from the state area designation process. The concentration of the pollutant in the air multiplied by the population exposed to that concentration over a specified time period. Exposure Assessment Measurement or estimation of the magnitude, frequency, duration and route of exposure to a substance for the populations of interest. FED (Functional Equivalent Environmental Document) The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) allows public agencies to prepare a plan or other written documentation in lieu of an environmental impact report (i. e. a functional equivalent environmental document) which outlines the environmental analyses as part of any regulatory process. Prior to taking final action on any proposal for which significant environmental issues have been raised, the decision maker will provide a written response to each such issue. A federal law passed in 1970 and amended in 1974, 1977 and 1990 that forms the basis for the national air pollution control effort. Basic elements of the act include national ambient air quality standards for major air pollutants, mobile and stationary control measures, air toxics standards, acid rain control measures and enforcement provisions. For more information, visit the Federal Clean Air Act. Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) In the absence of an approved State Implementation Plan (SIP). a plan prepared by the U. S. EPA that provides measures that nonattainment areas must take to meet the requirements of the Federal Clean Air Act. A market-based emission fee in which the fee is levied on projected lifecycle vehicle emissions and is refunded according to an allocation formula. Flexible Fuel Vehicle (FFV) Vehicles that can use a combination of fuels such as alcohol fuel and unleaded gasoline. Air borne solid particles that result from the burning of coal and other solid fuel. Foreign Military Officer Any active duty military personnel of a foreign country assigned to a California military installation as part of an exchange or joint training agreement authorized or sponsored by the U. S. Department of Defense. Foreign Military Officers are not subject to California direct import vehicle requirements for registration and have the same privileges as out-of-state military personnel. Fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas so-called because they are the remains of ancient plant and animal life. An electrochemical cell that captures the electrical energy of a chemical reaction between fuels such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen and converts it directly and continuously into the energy of a direct electrical current. For more information, see the ARBs fuel cell portal. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) A zero-emission vehicle that runs on compressed hydrogen fed into a fuel cell stack that produces electricity to power the vehicle. Dust particles that are introduced into the air through certain activities such as soil cultivation, or vehicles operating on open fields or dirt roadways. This is a subset of fugitive emissions. Emissions not caught by a capture system which are often due to equipment leaks, evaporative processes and windblown disturbances. Solid particles under 1 micron in diameter formed as vapors condense, or as chemical reactions take place. A combustion chamber an enclosed structure in which fuel is burned to heat air or material. Gas Turbine An engine that uses a compressor to draw in air and compress it. Fuel is then added to the air and combusted in a combustor. Hot combustion gases exiting the engine turn a turbine which also turns the compressor. The engines power output can be delivered from the compressor or turbine side of the engine. The evaporative properties of gasoline. Gasoline vapor is a volatile organic compound. (See also Reid Vapor Pressure .) An increase in the temperature of the Earths troposphere. Global warming has occurred in the past as a result of natural influences, but the term is most often used to refer to the warming predicted by computer models to occur as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases. For more information, go to ARBs climate change website or check out its own glossary. The relative warming of a greenhouse gas over a specified period of time as compared to carbon dioxide (GWP of 1). GWP allows for the conversion of different greenhouse gas emissions into the same emissions unit, carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2 E). Global Warming Score A score that ranks each vehicles CO 2 - equivalent value on a scale of 1-10 (10 being the cleanest) relative to all other vehicles. All vehicles manufactured after January 1, 2009, must display this score on the Environmental Performance Label. Goods Movement The processes and activities involved in the pickup, movement and delivery of goods (agricultural, consumer, industrial products and raw materials) from producerspoints of origin to consumerspoint of use or delivery. Goods movement relies on a series of transportation, financial and information systems for this to occur, that involves an international, national, state, regional and local networks of producers and suppliers, carriers and representative agents from the private sector, the public sector (federal, state, regional and local governmental agencies) and the general public. Greenhouse Effect The warming effect of the Earths atmosphere. Light energy from the sun which passes through the Earths atmosphere is absorbed by the Earths surface and re-radiated into the atmosphere as heat energy. The heat energy is then trapped by the atmosphere, creating a situation similar to that which occurs in a car with its windows rolled up. A number of scientists believe that the emission of CO 2 and other gases into the atmosphere may increase the greenhouse effect and contribute to global warming. (Climate Change: see ClimateChange. ca. gov gloss .) Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor that slow the passage of re-radiated heat through the Earths atmosphere. (See also ClimateChange. ca. gov gloss .) Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation model used to determine emissions from various vehicle and fuel combinations. Growth Management Plan A plan for a given geographical region containing demographic projections (i. e. housing units, employment and population) through some specified point in time and which provides recommendations for local governments to better manage growth and reduce projected environmental impacts. An air pollutant listed under section 112 (b) of the Federal Clean Air Act as particularly hazardous to health. Emission sources of hazardous air pollutants are identified by U. S. EPA and emission standards are set accordingly. For more information, visit our Title III website area. Haze (Hazy) A phenomenon that results in reduced visibility due to the scattering of light caused by aerosols. Haze is caused in large part by man-made air pollutants. Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection Program (HDVIP) This regulation authorizes random roadside smoke opacity testing of heavy-duty diesel trucks and buses. The opacity of exhaust emitted from these engines must not exceed 40 percent (1991 and newer engine model years) or 55 percent (all pre-1991 engines). Gasoline and diesel trucks and buses are also inspected for tampering and for engine certification label compliance. Health-Based Standard (Primary Standard) A dosage of air pollution scientifically determined to protect against human health effects such as asthma, emphysema and cancer. Health Risk Assessment (HRA) A document that identifies the risks and quantities of possible adverse health effects that may result from exposure to emissions of toxic air contaminants. A health risk assessment cannot predict specific health effects it only describes the increased possibility of adverse health effects based on the best scientific information available. Hot Spot A vehicle that combines an internal combustion engine with a battery and electric motor. This combination offers the range and refueling capabilities of a conventional vehicle, while providing improved fuel economy and lower emissions. Compounds containing various combinations of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They may be emitted into the air by natural sources (e. g. trees) and as a result of fossil and vegetative fuel combustion, fuel volatilization and solvent use. Hydrocarbons are a major contributor to smog. (See also Reactive Organic Gases ). Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) A colorless, flammable, poisonous compound having a characteristic rotten-egg odor. It is used in industrial processes and may be emitted into the air. ICAT (Innovative Clean Air Technologies program) ICAT is an ARB program that co-funds the demonstration of innovative technologies that can reduce air pollution. Its purpose is to advance such technologies toward commercial application, thereby reducing emissions and helping the economy of California. Incremental Reactivity (IR) The additional ozone formed in the atmosphere with the incremental addition of a certain amount of a volatile organic compound. Incineration The act of burning a material to ashes. Any facility, building, structure, or installation, or combination thereof, which generates or attracts mobile source activity that results in emissions of any pollutant (or precursor) for which there is a state ambient air quality standard. Examples of indirect sources include employment sites, shopping centers, sports facilities, housing developments, airports, commercial and industrial development and parking lots and garages. Indirect Source Control Program Rules, regulations, local ordinances and land use controls and other regulatory strategies of air pollution control districts or local governments used to control or reduce emissions associated with new and existing indirect sources. Indirect source control programs include regulatory strategies such as transportation control measures (e. g. South Coasts Regulation XV for employer-based trip reduction) parking charges land use controls that reduce the need for vehicle travel and increase transit, bicycle and pedestrian access and, source-specific regulations such as truck idling and travel schedule requirements. Indirect Source Review A major component of an indirect source control program which applies to new and modified indirect sources. Strategies for indirect source review include permit programs, review and comment on new and modified indirect source projects through the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) process and coordination of air quality, transportation and land use policies through local government general plans. Indirect source review reduces emissions from new and modified sources through best available mitigation measures and additional offsite mitigation such as offsets and mitigation fees. Individual Cancer Risk The probability, expressed as chances in a million, that a person experiencing 70 years of continuous area-wide outdoor exposure to a toxic air contaminant will develop cancer. Indoor Air Pollution Air pollutants that occur within buildings or other enclosed spaces, as opposed to those occurring in outdoor, or ambient air. Some examples of indoor air pollutants are nitrogen oxides, smoke, asbestos, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide. For more information, visit our indoor air quality website. Industrial Source Any of a large number of sources -- such as manufacturing operations, oil and gas refineries, food processing plants and energy generating facilities -- that emit substances into the atmosphere. A gas that does not react with the substances coming in contact with it. A motor vehicle inspection program implemented by the California Bureau of Automotive Repair. The purpose of the IM is to reduce emissions by assuring that cars are running properly. It is designed to identify vehicles in need of maintenance and to assure the effectiveness of their emission control systems on a biennial basis. Enacted in 1979 and strengthened in 1990. (Also known as the Smog Check program.) An air sampling device that allows estimation of air quality components over a period of time through laboratory analysis of the samplers medium. (See also Continuous Sampling Device .) Internal Combustion Engine An engine in which both the heat energy and the ensuing mechanical energy are produced inside the engine. Includes gas turbines, spark ignition gas and compression ignition diesel engines. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) An expert international agency of the World Health Organization which publishes evaluations of evidence on the carcinogenicity of a wide range of chemicals. For more information, visit our IARC website. A layer of warm air in the atmosphere that prevents the rise of cooling air and traps pollutants beneath it. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to provide the decision-makers and others interested in climate change with an objective source of information about climate change. Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs) Private companies that provide a utility, such as water, natural gas or electricity, to a specific service area. A gray-white metal that is soft, malleable, ductile and resistant to corrosion. Sources of lead resulting in concentrations in the air include industrial sources and crustal weathering of soils followed by fugitive dust emissions. Health effects from exposure to lead include brain and kidney damage and learning disabilities. Lead is the only substance which is currently listed as both a criteria air pollutant and a toxic air contaminant. A reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases within the state that is offset by an increase in emissions of greenhouse gases outside the state. Light-Duty Vehicle (LDV) Any motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight of 6,000 pounds or less. Limit of Detection (LOD) The lowest concentration of a substance that can be reliably measured. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Low Carbon Fuels Standard (LCFS) LCFS is a discreet early action measure of the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006. This regulation reduces the carbon intensity (greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy in the fuel) of transportation fuels by 10 percent by 2020. Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) A vehicle that meets the ARBs low emission vehicle standards. For more information, please go to our low emission vehicle website. Low Emission Vehicle II (LEV II) California exhaust emission standards for 2004 and subsequent model passenger cars, light-duty trucks and medium-duty vehicles. Find more information at Drive Clean. Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) Under the Clean Air Act. the rate of emissions that reflects, the most stringent emission limitation in the State Implementation Plan of any state for a given source unless the owner or operator demonstrates such limitations are not achievable or, the most stringent emissions limitation achieved in practice, whichever is more stringent. Low NOx Burners One of several combustion technologies used to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides. A measure of the ability of an oil or other compound to lubricate (reduce friction) between two surfaces in contact. A stationary facility that emits a regulated pollutant in an amount exceeding the threshold level depending on the location of the facility and attainment with regard to air quality status. (See Source .) Market-Based Approaches A system of market-based declining annual aggregate emissions limitations for sources, or categories of sources, that emit greenhouse gases. Market-based can also refer to greenhouse gas emissions exchanges, banking, credits and other transactions, governed by rules and protocols established by the ARB, that result in the same greenhouse gas emission reduction, over the same time period, as direct compliance with a greenhouse gas emission limit or emission reduction measure adopted by the ARB. Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Federal emissions limitations based on the best demonstrated control technology or practices in similar sources to be applied to major sources emitting one or more federal hazardous air pollutants. For more information, visit our Title III website. Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) A measure of the increase in ozone formation per unit weight of a hydrocarbon when added to the atmosphere. The middle value in a population distribution, above and below which lie an equal number of individual values midpoint. Melting Point The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. At this temperature, the solid and the liquid have the same vapor pressure. The layer of the Earths atmosphere above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It is between 35 and 60 miles from the Earth. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) An ether compound added to gasoline to provide oxygen and enhance complete combustion. MTBE has been phased out of Californias gasoline. See our fuels website, for more information. Military Personnel Active duty members of the U. S. armed forces or reserves assigned to California facilities and active duty. Capable of being mixed with other substances. Million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents. Sources of air pollution such as automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, off-road vehicles, boats and airplanes. (See also stationary sources. ) For more information, please go to our mobile sources portal page. Monitoring The periodic or continuous sampling and analysis of air pollutants in ambient air or from individual pollution sources. Motor Vehicle Fee Program Rate of disease incidence. Multimedia Exposure Exposure to a toxic substance from multiple pathways such as air, water, soil, food and breast milk. The ability of a chemical or physical agent to produce heritable changes in the DNA of living cells. Standards established by the U. S. EPA that apply for outdoor air throughout the country. There are two types of NAAQS. Primary standards set limits to protect public health and secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare. For more information, visit our AAQS website. The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) are set by the U. S. EPA for an air pollutant not covered by National Ambient Air Quality Standards that may cause an increase in fatalities or in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness. Non-manmade emission sources, including biological and geological sources, wildfires and windblown dust. New Solar Home Partnership (NSHP) Part of the comprehensive statewide solar program. The NSHP program provides financial incentives and other support to home builders, encouraging the construction of new, energy efficient solar homes that save homeowners money on their electric bills and protect the environment. New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) Uniform national U. S. EPA air emission standards that limit the amount of pollution allowed from new sources or from modified existing sources. For more information, see our Title V website. A Clean Air Act requirement that State Implementation Plans must include a permit review, which applies to the construction and operation of new and modified stationary sources in nonattainment areas. to ensure attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The two major requirements of NSR are Best Available Control Technology and Emission Offsets. For more information, see our New Source Review website. New Vehicle Any vehicle transferred with less than 7,500 miles, or any vehicle that has not yet been issued a title (regardless of mileage). NIST Cert of Standards The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides standard reference materials used to confirm the accuracy and traceability of standards for calibrating instrumentation used to measure atmospheric concentrations of air pollutants. Nitric Oxide (NO) A Precursor of ozone. NO 2 and nitrate nitric oxide is usually emitted from combustion processes. Nitric oxide is converted to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in the atmosphere and then becomes involved in the photochemical processes andor particulate formation. (See Nitrogen Oxides .) A general term pertaining to compounds of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and other oxides of nitrogen. Nitrogen oxides are typically created during combustion processes and are major contributors to smog formation and acid deposition. NO2 is a criteria air pollutant and may result in numerous adverse health effects. Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) is the six asbestos minerals that have been identified as toxic air contaminants and occur naturally in rocks and soils. During many earth-disturbing activities, asbestos minerals may be released from rocks and soils, become airborne and inhaled deep into the lung. A geographic area identified by the U. S. EPA andor ARB as not meeting either NAAQS or CAAQS standards for a given pollutant. For more information, visit our designated areas website. Nonattainment Transitional A subcategory of the nonattainment designation category for state standards that signals progress and implies the area is nearing attainment. Districts with nonattainment-transitional status may revise their attainment plans to delay adoption of control measures anticipating attainment without the measures. Non-carcinogenic Effects Non-cancer health effects which may include birth defects, organ damage, morbidity and death. Non-Industrial Source Any of a large number of sources -- such as mobile, area-wide, indirect and natural sources -- which emit substances into the atmosphere. The sum of all hydrocarbon air pollutants except methane. NMHCs are significant precursors to ozone formation. The sum of non-methane hydrocarbons and other organic gases such as aldehydes, ketones and ethers. Non-Point Sources Diffuse pollution sources that are not recognized to have a single point of origin. Non-Road Emissions Pollutants emitted by a variety of non-road sources such as farm and construction equipment, gasoline-powered lawn and garden equipment, power boats and outboard motors. For more information, see our offroad website. No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) A term used in risk assessment. An exposure level at which there are no statistically or biologically significant increases in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between an exposed population and a comparable non-exposed population. No-Observed-Effect-Level (NOEL) A term used in risk assessment. An exposure level at which there are no statistically or biologically significant difference or severity of any effect between an exposed population and a comparable non-exposed population. Octane Number A numerical measure of the antiknock properties of gasoline used as a motor fuel. The higher the octane number, the greater the antiknock properties. A department within the California Environmental Protection Agency that is responsible for evaluating chemicals for adverse health impacts and establishing safe exposure levels. OEHHA also assists in performing health risk assessments and developing risk assessment procedures for air quality management purposes. Visit the OEHHAs home page. Offsets are tradable credits that represent greenhouse gas emissions reductions that are made in areas or sectors not covered by a cap-and-trade program. Under a greenhouse gas cap-and-trade program. covered entities could buy offset credits in lieu of buying allowances or reducing their greenhouse gas emissions on-site. One offset credit would be equal to one metric ton of greenhouse gas emissions. Offsets must meet rigorous criteria that demonstrate that the emissions reductions are real, permanent, verifiable, enforceable and quantifiable. A class of unsaturated hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH 2 n. Olefins in gasoline are responsible for the formation of deposits in storage tanks, fuel ducts and injectors. Therefore, their volume is limited by the reformulated gasoline regulation. Onboard Diagnostics (OBD) Devices that are incorporated into the computer systems of new motor vehicles to monitor components and systems that affect emissions when malfunctioning. If a problem is detected, the OBD system illuminates a warning lamp on the vehicle instrument panel to alert the driver. This warning lamp typically contains the phrase Check Engine or Service Engine Soon. The system will also store important information about the detected malfunction so that a repair technician can accurately find and fix the problem. For more information, visit our on-board diagnostics website. Onboard Vapor Recovery Devices placed on vehicles to capture gasoline vapor during refueling and then route the vapors to the engine when the vehicle is started so that they can be efficiently burned. On-Road, On-Road Vehicle Vehicles that are intended by their manufacturer for use on public highways. On-road vehicles must be certified by their manufacturer with the U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT), National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA), as compliant with on-highway safety standards as well as certified to all applicable ARB and U. S. EPA on-road emission standards. Compliance with these standards is indicated by separate safety and emissions labels on the vehicle. The amount of light obscured by particle pollution in the atmosphere. Opacity is used as an indicator of changes in performance of particulate control systems. Organic Compounds A large group of chemical compounds containing mainly carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. All living organisms are made up of organic compounds. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) The OCS is all submerged lands lying seaward of state coastal waters (3 miles offshore) which are under U. S. jurisdiction. A substance that brings about oxidation in other substances. Oxidizing agents (oxidants) contain atoms that have suffered electron loss. In oxidizing other substances, these atoms gain electrons. Ozone. which is a primary component of smog. is an example of an oxidant. The chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen or a reaction in which the atoms in an element lose electrons and its valence is correspondingly increased. An organic molecule that contains oxygen. Oxygenates are typically ethers and alcohols. The most common oxygenate is ethanol in gasoline, which now runs about 10 percent by volume. The purpose of the oxygenate is to help the gasoline burn more completely, reducing carbon monoxide emissions. This is especially important during the winter months. A strong smelling, pale blue, reactive toxic chemical gas consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is a product of the photochemical process involving the suns energy and ozone precursors. such as hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. Ozone exists in the upper atmosphere ozone layer (stratospheric ozone) as well as at the Earths surface in the troposphere (ozone). Ozone in the troposphere causes numerous adverse health effects and is a criteria air pollutant. It is a major component of smog. Ozone Depletion The reduction in the stratospheric ozone layer. Stratospheric ozone shields the Earth from ultraviolet radiation. The breakdown of certain chlorine andor bromine-containing compounds that catalytically destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere can cause a reduction in the ozone layer. For more information, go to U. S. EPAs website on this subject. Ozone-Forming Potential Ozone Generator Some indoor air purifiers or air cleaners emit ozone, a major component of outdoor smog, either intentionally or as a by-product of their design. Those that intentionally emit ozone are often called ozone generators. A layer of ozone in the lower portion of the stratosphere -- 12 to 15 miles above the Earths surface -- which helps to filter out harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. It may be contrasted with the ozone component of photochemical smog near the Earths surface, which is harmful. Chemicals such as non-methane hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. occurring either naturally or as a result of human activities, which contribute to the formation of ozone. a major component of smog. Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (PZEV) Vehicles that meet the ARB super ultra low emissions standard, have zero evaporative emissions and have a 15 year150,000 mile warranty. See our Drive Clean website. Any material, except pure water, that exists in the solid or liquid state in the atmosphere. The size of particulate matter can vary from coarse, wind-blown dust particles to fine particle combustion products. For more information, see ARBs PM brochure. Peak Levels A level of airborne pollutants that is much higher than average. They can occur over a short period of minutes or hours in response to sudden releases, or they can occur due to a longer term build-up over several days. Perchloroethylene (Perc) The substance with the chemical formula C 2 C l4 , also known by the name tetrachloroethylene which has been identified by the ARB and listed as a toxic air contaminant (title 17, California Code of Regulations, section 93000). Periodic Smoke Inspection Program (PSIP) Regulation requiring fleet owners of two or more heavy-duty diesel powered trucks or buses to perform annual smoke opacity inspections on each vehicles engine that is four years old or older. Engines that exceed opacity standards must be repaired to be brought into compliance. Fleet owners must keep records of the annual smoke test for two years and make these records available to ARB upon request. Written authorization from a government agency (e. g. an air quality management district ) that allows for the construction andor operation of an emissions generating facility or its equipment within certain specified limits. For more information, visit our permitting activities portal page. Permit to Operate (PO) An operational permit issued yearly by an air district to sources that meet specified regulations. Peroxyacytal Nitrate (PAN) A group of compounds formed from the photochemical reactions of nitrogen and organic compounds. PANs are components of smog and known to cause eye irritation. Persistence Refers to the length of time a compound stays in the atmosphere. once introduced. A compound may persist for less than a second or indefinitely. Personal Watercraft (PWC) Watercraft that do not have outboard, inboard, or stern drive engines. This encompasses the watercraft typically referred to as Jet Skis, Waverunners, etc. For more information, see our recreational marine website. Photochemical Reaction A term referring to chemical reactions brought about by the light energy of the sun. The reaction of nitrogen oxides with hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight to form ozone is an example of a photochemical reaction. Photolysis Chemical decomposition induced by light or other energy. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) A vehicle that is similar to traditional hybrids but is also equipped with a larger, more advanced battery that allows the vehicle to be plugged in and recharged in addition to refueling with gasoline. This larger battery allows you to drive on a combination of electric and gasoline fuels. See our Drive Clean website. A visible or measurable discharge of a contaminant from a given point of origin that can be measured according to the Ringelmann scale. (See Ringelmann Chart .) Includes tiny particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 microns. This fraction of particulate matter penetrates most deeply into the lungs. For more information, see our particulate matter website. A criteria air pollutant consisting of small particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal 10 microns (about 17 the diameter of a single human hair). Their small size allows them to make their way to the air sacs deep within the lungs where they may be deposited and result in adverse health effects. PM10 also causes visibility reduction. For more information, see our particulate matter brochure. Point Sources Specific points of origin where pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere such as factory smokestacks. (See also Area-Wide Sources and Fugitive Emissions .) Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) A numerical index formerly used for reporting severity of air pollution levels to the general public. The PSI incorporated the five criteria pollutants -- ozone. PM10. carbon monoxide. sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide -- into one single index. The PSI was based on the 1-hour ozone standard. PSI levels ranged from 0 (Good air quality) to 500 (Hazardous air quality). The higher the index, the higher the level of pollutants and the greater likelihood of health effects. For more information, see our Air Quality Index werbsite. The use of materials, processes, or practices to reduce, minimize, or eliminate the creation of pollutants or wastes. It includes practices that reduce the use of toxic or hazardous materials, energy, water andor other resources. For more information, see our Pollution Prevention Program website. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Organic compounds which include only carbon and hydrogen with a fused ring structure containing at least two benzene (six-sided) rings. PAHs may also contain additional fused rings that are not six-sided. The combustion of organic substances is a common source of atmospheric PAHs. Natural or synthetic chemical compounds composed of up to millions of repeated linked units, each of a relatively light and simple molecule. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) An emission control system for a reciprocating internal combustion engine that involves recirculating gases that blow by the piston rings during combustion from the crankcase back into the intake manifold so they can be more completely burned. Publically Owned Treatment Works (POTW) are facilities designed to collect, transmit and treat wastewater that may be generated by industrial, commercial andor domestic sources. Treatment works include the wastewater treatment units themselves, as well as intercepting sewers, outfall sewers, sewage collection systems, pumping, power and other equipment. Precipitator Pollution control device that collects particles from an air stream. (See Electrostatic Precipitator .) Prescribed Burning The planned application of fire to vegetation to achieve any specific objective on lands selected in advance of that application. In California, prescribed burning is governed under the Agricultural Burning Guidelines. A permitting program for new and modified stationary sources of air pollution located in an area that attains or is unclassified for national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS ). The PSD program is designed to ensure that air quality does not degrade beyond those air quality standards or beyond specified incremental amounts. The PSD permitting process requires new and modified facilities above a specified size threshold to be carefully reviewed prior to construction for air quality impacts. PSD also requires those facilities to apply BACT to minimize emissions of air pollutants. A public notification process is conducted prior to issuance of final PSD permits. Primary Particles Particles that are directly emitted from combustion and fugitive dust sources. (Compare with Secondary Particle .) Propellant A gas with a high vapor pressure used to force formulations out of aerosol spray cans. Among the gases used are butanes, propanes and nitrogen. Proposition 65 Safe Drinking and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, also known as Proposition 65. This act is codified in California Health and Safety Code section 25249.5, et seq. No person in the course of doing business shall knowingly discharge or release a chemical known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity into water or into land where such chemical passes or probably will pass into any source of drinking water, without first giving clear and reasonable warning to such individual. For more information, visit the OEHHAs Prop 65 website. Public Owned Utilities (POUs) Non-profit utility providers owned by a community and operated by municipalities, counties, states, public power districts, or other public organizations. Within POUs, residents have a say in decisions and policies about rates, services, generating fuels and the environment. Public Workshop A workshop held by a public agency for the purpose of informing the public and obtaining its input on the development of a regulatory action or control measure by that agency. A colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive, inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of radium atoms in soil or rocks. A term used in the context of air quality management to describe a hydrocarbons ability to react (participate in photochemical reactions) to form ozone in the atmosphere. Different hydrocarbons react at different rates. The more reactive a hydrocarbon, the greater potential it has to form ozone. Reasonably Available Control Measures (RACM) A broadly defined term referring to technologies and other measures that can be used to control pollution. They include Reasonably Available Control Technology and other measures. In the case of PM10. RACM refers to approaches for controlling small or dispersed source categories such as road dust, woodstoves and open burning. Control techniques defined in U. S. EPA guidelines for limiting emissions from existing sources in nonattainment areas. RACTs are adopted and implemented by states. For more information, visit our RACT website. Reasonably Available Retrofit Control Technology (RARCT) Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine An engine in which air and fuel are introduced into cylinders, compressed by pistons and ignited by a spark plug or by compression. Combustion in the cylinders pushes the pistons sequentially, transferring energy to the crankshaft, causing it to rotate. Reference Dose (RfD) An estimate delivered by the U. S. EPA (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of the daily exposure to the human population, (including sensitive subpopulations) that is likely to be without deleterious effects during a lifetime. The RfD is reported in units of mg of substancekg body weightday for oral exposures. Reference Exposure Concentration (RfC) An estimate, derived by the U. S. EPA with an uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population, (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime of exposure. The RfC is derived from a no or lowest observed adverse effect level from human or animal exposures, to which uncertainty or safety factors are applied. Reference Exposure Level (REL) A term used in risk assessment. It is the concentration at or below which no adverse health effects are anticipated for a specified exposure period. A facility that produces liquid fuels by distilling petroleum. Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) Also called Cleaner Burning Gasoline (CBG). Gasoline with a different composition from conventional gasoline (e. g. lower aromatics content) that results in the production of lower levels of air pollutants. For more information, see our cleaner burning gasoline website. Reformulated Gasoline Predictive Model A set of mathematical equations that predict the emissions likely to occur from the combustion of a given formulation of gasoline. For more information, see our predictive model website area. Reforestation Establishing native tree cover on lands that were previously forested, but that have had less than 10 percent tree canopy cover for a minimum time of 10 years. Regional Haze The haze produced by a multitude of sources and activities which emit fine particles and their precursors across a broad geographic area. National regulations require states to develop plans to reduce the regional haze that impairs visibility in national parks and wilderness areas. Registration Stop (or VLT Stop) A hold placed on a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine to prevent registration or title being issued. Registration stops may be placed by DMV, ARB or CHP staff. Stops are placed because of illegal registration attempts, illegal sales, or placed on heavy-duty vehicles that have been retired by their previous owners. Registration stops do not expire however, a vehicle with a stop may be dropped from the DMV computer record after 7-10 years. Refers to the vapor pressure of the fuel expressed in the nearest hundredth of a pound per square inch (psi) with a higher number reflecting more gasoline evaporation. (See also Gasoline Volatility .) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) A federal program to increase the volume of renewable fuels used in transportation fuels. Created under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, and revised by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the RFS program requires increasing annual volumes of renewable fuel, starting from 9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Within those total volumes, the RFS also requires certain volumes of specific fuels, such as cellulosic and advanced biofuels. A series of charts, numbered 0 to 5, that simulate various smoke densities by presenting different percentages of black. A Ringelmann No. 1 is equivalent to 20 percent black a Ringelmann No. 5 is 100 percent black. They are used for measuring the opacity or equivalent obscuration of smoke arising from stacks and other sources by matching the actual effluent with the various numbers, or densities, indicated by the charts. Research Screening Committee (RSC) The Boards legislatively mandated committee consists of scientists, engineers and others knowledgeable, technically qualified and experienced in air pollution problems. The committee meets approximately four times a year to review proposed and completed research projects. Residual Risk The quantity of health risk remaining after application of emission control. Risk Assessment An evaluation of risk which estimates the relationship between exposure to a harmful substance and the likelihood that harm will result from that exposure. Risk Management An evaluation of the need for and feasibility of reducing risk. It includes consideration of magnitude of risk, available control technologies and economic feasibility. Actions taken against a state or local government by the federal government for failure to plan or to implement a State Implementation Plan (SIP). Examples include withholding of highway funds and a ban on construction of new sources of potential pollution. SB 25 (Childrens Environmental Health Protection Act) Changes to state law (Senate Bill 25, Escutia, 1999) established requirements for the ARB and the OEHHA to examine the impacts of air pollution on childrens health. Specifically, the act required the state to evaluate all ambient air quality standards to determine whether these standards adequately protect human health, particularly that of infants and children and, to identify toxic air contaminants that disproportionately impact children. Scientific Review Panel (SRP) Mandated by AB 1807. this nine-member panel advises the ARB. OEHHA and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation on the scientific adequacy of the risk assessment portion of reports issued by those three agencies in the process of identifying substances as toxic air contaminants. For more information, visit our SRP website. Scoping Plan AB 32 directed ARB to prepare a scoping plan for achieving the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. The scoping plan provides the outline for actions to reduce greenhouse gases in California. The approved scoping plan indicates how these emission reductions will be achieved from significant greenhouse gas sources via regulations, market mechanisms and other actions. An air pollution control device that uses a high energy liquid spray to remove aerosol and gaseous pollutants from an air stream. The gases are removed either by absorption or chemical reaction. Secondhand Smoke Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). or secondhand smoke, is a complex mixture of thousands of gases and fine particles emitted by the burning of tobacco products from the smoke exhaled by the smoker. Other minor contributors to ETS are from the smoke that is emitted from the smoldering end of the tobacco product and the vapor-phase related compounds that diffuse from the wrapper of the tobacco product. Particles that are formed in the atmosphere. Secondary particles are products of the chemical reactions between gases, such as nitrates, sulfur oxides. ammonia and organic products. Senate Bill 1731 (Calderon, 1993) SB 1731 amended the Air Toxics Hot Spots Information and Assessment Act (AB 2588, Hot Spots or Program 1987, Connelly) by adding two major elements. The first element required the OEHHA to adopt risk assessment guidelines for the program using a full public review process. These new risk assessment guidelines superseded the previous guidelines and include supplemental exposure information. Second, facilities determined to have a significant risk by the district, must conduct an airborne toxic risk reduction audit and develop a plan to implement airborne toxic risk reduction measures. The ARB is required to provide assistance to smaller businesses for developing and applying risk reduction techniques. As part of that assistance, the ARB developed guideline documents on how to conduct an audit, including a self-conducted checklist for certain industries. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) System An emission control system that reduces NOx emissions through the catalytic reduction of NOx in diesel exhaust to N 2 and H 2 O by injecting nitrogen-containing compounds into the exhaust stream, such as ammonia or urea. Sensitive Groups Identifiable subsets of the general population that are at greater risk than the general population to the toxic effects of a specific air pollutant (e. g. infants, asthmatics, elderly). Sequestration SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride) SF6 is a colorless, non-toxic and non-flammable gas under standard conditions. It is used in many applications including as a gaseous dielectric medium in the electrical industry, an inert gas for the casting of magnesium, a tracer gas and an etchant in the semiconductor industry. SF6 is the most potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of carbon dioxide when compared over a 100-year period. Shore power, also known as Cold Ironing. refers to providing electrical power to a vessel that is docked. The purpose of shore power is to allow the vessel operator to turn off the vessels auxiliary engines, which would normally be providing the necessary electricity. Although there are emissions associated with the generation of electricity used for shore power, those emissions are much less than those from the auxiliary engines, which burn diesel fuel. A combination of smoke and other particulates, ozone. hydrocarbons. nitrogen oxides and other chemically reactive compounds which, under certain conditions of weather and sunlight, may result in a murky brown haze that causes adverse health effects. The primary source of smog in California is motor vehicles. Smog Check Program Smog Score A score that ranks each vehicles smog emissions on a scale of 1-10 (10 being the cleanest) relative to all other vehicles. All vehicles manufactured after January 1, 2009, must display this score on the Environmental Performance Label. For more information, visit our Drive Clean website. A form of air pollution consisting primarily of particulate matter (i. e. particles released by combustion). Other components of smoke include gaseous air pollutants such as hydrocarbons. oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Sources of smoke may include fossil fuel combustion, agricultural burning and other combustion processes. Solvent Base Hydrocarbon - containing compounds such as paint thinner used for the purpose of thinning various types of coatings such as paint. Very fine carbon particles that have a black appearance when emitted into the air. Any place or object from which air pollutants are released. Sources that are fixed in space are stationary sources and sources that move are mobile sources. Speciation Speciation is the analytical activity of identifying andor measuring the quantities of one or more individual chemical species in a sample. Spray Booth A power ventilated structure enclosing a coating operation, to confine and limit the escape of spray, vapor and residue and to safely conduct or direct them to an exhaust system. The spray booth contains and captures particulate emissions and vents them to a control device. Stakeholders Residents, environmentalists, businesses and government representatives that have a stake or concern about how air quality is managed. A plan prepared by states and submitted to U. S. EPA describing how each area will attain and maintain national ambient air quality standards. SIPs include the technical foundation for understanding the air quality (e. g. emission inventories and air quality monitoring), control measures and strategies and enforcement mechanisms. (See also AQMP .) For more information, visit our SIP website. Non-mobile sources such as power plants, refineries and manufacturing facilities which emit air pollutants. Storage Tank Any stationary container, reservoir, or tank, used for storage of liquids. The layer of the Earths atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. It extends between 10 and 30 miles above the Earths surface and contains the ozone layer in its lower portion. The stratospheric layer mixes relatively slowly pollutants that enter it may remain for long periods of time. Suggested Control Measure (SCM) A model rule developed by air quality managers for local air districts to use to control the emissions from certain stationary sources of air pollution. Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) A strong smelling, colorless gas that is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels. Power plants, which may use coal or oil high in sulfur content, can be major sources of SO 2 and other sulfur oxides contribute to the problem of acid deposition. SO 2 is a criteria air pollutant. Pungent, colorless gases (sulfates are solids) formed primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels. especially coal and oil. Considered major air pollutants, sulfur oxides may impact human health and damage vegetation. Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) A vehicle that meets the ARBs super ultra-low emission vehicle standard of 0.03 grams per mile of NMOG NOx. See our Drive Clean website. An intermediate gasoline distribution facility where delivery of gasoline to and from the facility is solely by pipeline. Thermal Spraying A process in which metallic or nonmetallic materials are heated to a molten or nearly molten state and are sprayed onto a surface to form a coating. The material may originate in the form of powder, rod, or wire before it is heated, prior to spraying and deposition. Materials can be heated by combustion of fuel gases (similar to welding) or by using electricity. Thermal spraying includes processes such as flame spraying, plasma spraying, high velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spraying and twin wire electric arc spraying. The outermost layer of the Earths atmosphere extending from about 60 miles to several hundred miles above the planets surface. The temperature of this layer varies from many hundreds to thousands of degrees Celsius. A section of the 1990 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act that addresses the control of toxic air emissions. For more information, visit our Title III website. A section of the 1990 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act that requires a federally enforceable operating permit for major sources of air pollution. For more information, visit our Title V website. Topography The configuration of a surface, especially the Earths surface, including its relief and the position of its natural and man-made features. Total Organic Gases (TOG) Gaseous organic compounds, including reactive organic gases and the relatively unreactive organic gases such as methane. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) Particles of solid or liquid matter -- such as soot, dust, aerosols, fumes and mist -- up to approximately 30 microns in size. An air pollutant, identified in regulation by the ARB, which may cause or contribute to an increase in deaths or in serious illness, or which may pose a present or potential hazard to human health. TACs are considered under a different regulatory process (California Health and Safety Code section 39650 et seq.) than pollutants subject to CAAQSs. Health effects to TACs may occur at extremely low levels and it is typically difficult to identify levels of exposure which do not produce adverse health effects. For more information, visit our toxics website. Toxic Best Available Control Technology (T-BACT) The most effective emission limitation or control technique which has been achieved in practice or found by the ARB Executive Officer or Air Pollution Control Officer of the local districts to be technologically feasible. A location where emissions from specific sources may expose individuals and population groups to elevated risks of adverse health effects -- including but not limited to cancer -- and contribute to the cumulative health risks of emissions from other sources in the area. For more information, visit our toxics hot spots website. Transfer Efficiency For coatings. a measure of the percent of the total amount of coating used which is transferred to a unit surface by a spray gun or other device. Transport Refrigeration Unit (TRU) Refrigeration systems powered by integral internal combustion engines designed to control the environment of temperature-sensitive products that are transported in trucks and refrigerated trailers. TRUs may be capable of both cooling and heating. Transportation Control Measure (TCM) Any control measure to reduce vehicle trips, vehicle use, vehicle miles traveled, vehicle idling, or traffic congestion for the purpose of reducing motor vehicle emissions. TCMs can include encouraging the use of carpools and mass transit. The layer of the Earths atmosphere nearest to the surface of the Earth. The troposphere extends outward about five miles at the poles and about 10 miles at the equator. Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV) A vehicle that meets the ARBs ultra-low emission standards of 0.125 grams per mile of NMOG NOx. The average 2010 car sold in California is a ULEV. See our Drive Clean website. Underground Storage Tank (UST) Refers to tanks used to store gasoline underground. For more information, vist the underground storage tank website. The federal agency charged with setting policy and guidelines and carrying out legal mandates for the protection of national interests in environmental resources. For more information, visit the U. S. EPA website. Unit Risk Number The number of potential excess cancer cases from a lifetime exposure to one microgram per cubic meter (m3) of a given substance. For example, a unit risk value of 5.5x10-6 would indicate an estimated 5.5 cancer cases per million people exposed to an average concentration of 1 m3 of a specific carcinogen for 70 years. Upstream Emissions Emissions from processes that take place up to when the fuel enters a vehicle---typically during extraction, production, distribution and dispensing of the fuel. Urban Airshed Model A three-dimensional photochemical grid model designed to calculate the concentrations of both inert and chemically reactive pollutants in the atmosphere. It simulates the physical and chemical processes that affect pollution concentrations. Used Vehicle Any vehicle that has been transferred after being issued a title and has over 7,500 miles. (Reference statute: HampS code 43150-43156.) The gaseous phase of liquids or solids at atmospheric temperature and pressure. Vapor Density The vapor density is expressed in grams per liter (gL) and is compared to the density of air (air1). Vapor Pressure The pressure, often expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or pounds per square inch (PSI), that is characteristic at any given temperature of a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid form. Vapor Recovery Systems Mechanical systems that collect and recover chemical vapors resulting from transfer of gasoline from operations such as tank-to-truck systems at refineries, tanker-to-pipeline systems at offshore oil operations and pump-to-vehicle systems at gasoline stations. For more information, visit our vapor recovery website. Permission granted for a limited time (under stated conditions) for a person or company to operate outside the limits prescribed in a regulation. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) The miles traveled by motor vehicles over a specified length of time (e. g. daily, monthly or yearly) or over a specified road or transportation corridor. Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) A way to reduce emissions of NOx. SOx. diesel PM and CO 2 from oceangoing vessels. Emissions are decreased when vessels slow their speeds, thereby reducing the energy requirements of the main engine. The Ports of Los Angeles (POLA), Long Beach (POLB), and San Diego (POSD) currently have a voluntary VSR program in place which requests that vessels slow to 12 knots from certain distances from port (20 nautical miles (nm) for POSD and 20 or 40 nm for POLA and POLB). Ports typically offer incentives for complying. The degree to which a fluid resists flow under an applied force. A measurement of the ability to see and identify objects at different distances. Visibility reduction from air pollution is often due to the presence of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. as well as particulate matter. Visibility Reducing Particles (VRP) Any particles in the atmosphere that obstruct the range of visibility. Any substance that evaporates readily. Carbon-containing compounds that evaporate into the air (with a few exceptions). VOCs contribute to the formation of smog andor may themselves be toxic. VOCs often have an odor and some examples include gasoline, alcohol and the solvents used in paints. Water Base Water used as the solvent for coatings such paint. Water Solubility The solubility of a substance in water provides information on the fate and transport in the environment. The higher the water solubility, the greater the tendency to remain dissolved and the less likely to volatilize from the water. Low water soluble substances will volatilize more readily in water and will partition to soil or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. Weight of Evidence The extent to which the available information supports the hypothesis that a substance causes an effect in humans. For example, factors which determine the weight-of-evidence that a chemical poses a hazard to humans include the number of tissue sites affected by the agent the number of animal species, strains, sexes, relationship, statistical significance in the occurrence of the adverse effect in treated subjects compared to untreated controls and, the timing of the occurrence of adverse effect. Welfare-Based Standard (Secondary Standard) An air quality standard that prevents, reduces, or minimizes injury to agricultural crops and livestock, damage to and the deterioration of property and hazards to air and ground transportation. Well to Tank Emissions associated with a fuel from extraction to the tank it sits in prior to entering a vehicle. Well to Wheels Emissions associated with a fuel from extraction to when it enters and is used by a vehicle. Woodburning Pollution Air pollution caused by woodburning stoves and fireplaces that emit particulate matter. carbon monoxide and odorous and toxic substances. For more information, visit our disposal of non-industrial wood waste website. Vehicles which produce no emissions from the on-board source of power (e. g. an electric vehicle). For more information, visit our zero emission vehicles program website or our Drive Clean website. This gloss has been reviewed by the staff of the California Air Resources Board and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the ARB. Although the ARB has taken many steps to ensure that the information in this gloss is correct and up-to-date, readers should note that the codes are frequently amended, and the courts from time to time interpret their provisions. When necessary, readers should consult the official codes and handbooks or procure the services of an attorney. Copies of the California Codes can be found in each countys library and in law school libraries.
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